Thick gate oxide transistor and electrostatic discharge protection utilizing thick gate oxide transistors

ABSTRACT

An electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit includes a transistor with a gate electrode isolated from the semiconductor substrate by a thick oxide, a collector clamp coupled with a pad and the gate electrode, and an emitter clamp coupled between the gate electrode and the emitter of the transistor. Until the pad voltage reaches a trigger voltage, the collector clamp does not conduct, thereby preventing the transistor from conducting. However, when the pad voltage reaches the trigger voltage, the collector clamp turns on and triggers the latching of a parasitic thyristor that exists in the structure of the transistor. The latched parasitic thyristor (and thus the transistor) begins to conduct and rapidly dissipates the charge at the pad.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure relates to electrostatic discharge protection of integrated circuits and, in particular, to insulated gate bipolar transistors for electrostatic discharge protection of integrated circuits.

BACKGROUND

A problem in designing integrated circuits is dealing with electrostatic discharge (ESD). ESD is caused by static electricity built up by the human body and machines that handle integrated circuits. The static electricity is discharged onto the integrated circuit upon contact or close proximity with the integrated circuit. Static electricity follows any discharge path to alleviate the high electron build-up or deficiency. When an ESD sensitive device, such as an integrated circuit, becomes part of the discharge path, or is brought within the bounds of an electrostatic field, the sensitive integrated circuit can be permanently damaged.

ESD destruction of metal-oxide silicon field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices occurs when the gate-to-source or gate-to-drain voltage is high enough to arc across the gate dielectric of a transistor device. The arc burns a microscopic hole in the gate oxide, which permanently destroys the MOSFET. Like any capacitor, the gate of a MOSFET must be supplied with a finite charge to reach a particular voltage. Larger MOSFETs have greater capacitance and are therefore less susceptible to ESD than are smaller MOSFETs. Also, immediate failure will not occur until the gate-to-source or gate-to-drain voltage exceeds the dielectric breakdown voltage by two to three times the rated maximum voltage of the gate oxide. The voltages required to induce ESD damage in some transistors can be as high as thousands of volts or as low as 50 volts, depending upon the oxide thickness.

Electrostatic fields can also destroy power MOSFETs by corona discharge. The failure mode is caused by ESD, but the effect is caused by placing the unprotected gate of the MOSFET in a corona discharge path. Corona discharge is caused by a positively or negatively charged surface discharging into small ionic molecules in the air.

When designing an integrated circuit a voltage rating is selected for the pad connecting a node in the circuit. The rating is the maximum voltage that the integrated circuit or pad is designed to withstand without causing damage. ESD protection circuits are generally designed to protect integrated circuits or pads from voltages above the rating for the integrated circuit or its housing.

Automotive applications, for example, demand robust protection (typically 8kV to 25kV in the human body model on a system level) against the threat of ESD or other transient pulses, such as load dump. General applications typically require a protection to a minimum of 2,000 volts. Unfortunately, many power MOSFET device designs are unable to meet this requirement.

Therefore, there exists a need to effectively protect circuits from the effects of ESD both cost effectively and efficiently.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In accordance with the present invention, an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit that includes a transistor with a gate electrode isolated from the semiconductor substrate is disclosed. In some embodiments, the transistor-based ESD circuit improves the ability to withstand ESD events. In additional embodiments, pad designs that take advantage of the ESD circuits are disclosed.

In one embodiment, an electrostatic discharge protection circuit includes a transistor with a gate, an emitter and a collector. The gate of the transistor includes a gate electrode and an insulator material completely isolating the gate electrode from a semiconductor material of the transistor. The ESD protection circuit also includes a collector clamp coupled with a pad and the gate of the transistor, and a resistor coupled with the emitter and the gate of the transistor.

In another embodiment, a structure for electrostatic discharge protection of pads housing integrated circuits includes a pad and a transistor with a gate. The gate includes a gate electrode and an insulator material completely isolating the gate electrode from a semiconductor material of the transistor. The structure also includes a collector clamp coupled with the pad and the gate of the transistor, and a resistor coupled with the emitter and the gate of the transistor.

In a further embodiment, a transistor includes a substrate, a first well region within the substrate, a collector region within the first well region, a second well region within the substrate, a first emitter region within the second well region, a second emitter region within the second well region, a third well region within the substrate and between the first and second well regions, a gate electrode, and an insulator material completely separating the gate electrode from the third well region.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of an embodiment of a circuit for electrostatic discharge protection;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor for use in a circuit for electrostatic discharge protection;

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of another embodiment of a circuit for electrostatic discharge protection;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor;

FIG. 5 is a graph of the current-voltage characteristics of a collector of the lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor illustrated in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor;

FIG. 8 is a graph of the current-voltage characteristics of a collector of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor with leakage current reduction;

FIG. 9 a is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor with leakage current reduction; and

FIG. 10 is a layout of an embodiment of a pad with an electrostatic discharge protection circuit fabricated upon it.

In the present disclosure, like objects that appear in more than one figure are provided with like reference numerals. Further, objects in the schematic diagram of and relationships in sizes between objects in the figures are not to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring to FIG. 1, a circuit for electrostatic discharge protection is illustrated. As shown in FIG. 1, a pad 15, along with any integrated circuits coupled to pad 15, are protected by electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit 2. ESD protection circuit 2 includes an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) 5 that has a collector 10 coupled to pad 15. IGBT 5 also has an emitter 20 that is coupled to a potential 25 that can be, for example, a ground potential, as shown. The ground potential can be a ground bus or a ground pad, as is known in the art. Gate 30 of IGBT 5 is coupled through a collector clamp 35, which comprises one or more diodes, to pad 15. An emitter clamp 40, which also comprises diodes or resistors, is coupled between emitter 20 and gate 30.

When the voltage at pad 15 is below the trigger voltage of collector clamp 35, collector clamp 35 is in a blocking state. As long as collector clamp 35 is not triggered, i.e. does not conduct, emitter 20 and gate 30 are both at potential 25, thus preventing IGBT 5 from conducting. At the onset of an ESD event, when a voltage greater than the trigger voltage of collector clamp 35 appears at pad 15, collector clamp 35 will begin conduction. Conduction by collector clamp 35 causes a current to flow along path 55 through emitter clamp 40.

Once a positive voltage that is greater than the threshold voltage of gate 30 with respect to emitter 20 appears, IGBT 5 will enter its forward conduction state, resulting in an increasing the collector to emitter voltage. As the collector to emitter voltage increases, it will reach a level at which the current through IGBT 5 latches a parasitic thyristor that exists in the structure of IGBT 5. Latching of the parasitic thyristor causes a substantial decrease in the collector to emitter voltage. The substantial decrease in the collector to emitter voltage results in a dissipation of charge at the pad 15, almost instantaneously. The parasitic thyristor structure of IGBT 5 will continue to conduct until all of the charge at the pad 15 is dissipated.

Collector clamp 35 and emitter clamp 40 can be, for example, zener diodes, diodes, or active clamps, e.g., gate shorted MOSFETs. Also, IGBT 5 has a gate electrode that is completely isolated from the semiconductor material of IGBT 5 by an insulator material. This is a thick gate oxide that allows emitter clamp 40 to be a resistor without the need for an additional emitter clamp in parallel to emitter clamp 40. Therefore, a single conduction path between gate 30 and emitter 20 can be used, thus reducing components and surface area.

In some embodiments, ESD protection circuit 2 is fabricated upon pad 15. FIG. 10 illustrates embodiments of an ESD protection circuit formed on a pad.

Embodiments of ESD protection circuits and IGBTs capable of being used with the ESD circuits described herein are also depicted and described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/336,129, entitled “Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor And Electrostatic Discharge Cell Protection Utilizing Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors,” which is assigned to the Assignee of the current application and is being filed on the same date herewith.

Referring to FIG. 2, a simplified diagram of an embodiment of lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor 5 is illustrated. In FIG. 2, n-well region 80 forms a junction with a p-well region 82, which is isolated from gate electrode 84 by a field oxide 86. P-well 82 further forms a junction with n-well 88. A collector region 90, which is a p⁺-type material, is formed in n-well 88. A first emitter region 92, which is a n⁺-type material, and a second emitter region 94, which is a p⁺-type material, are formed in n-well 80.

When a voltage is applied at gate electrode 84 of gate 30 that exceeds the threshold voltage of field oxide 86 of IGBT 5, an inversion channel 96 is formed on the surface of p-well 82 and electrons flow from first emitter region 92 through inversion channel 96 into n-well 88. The electrons provide base current for pnp-transistor 98 formed between second collector region 90 (transistor emitter), n-well 88 (transistor base) and p-well 82 (transistor collector). An isolation region (not shown) can be utilized to connect the second emitter region 94 and p-well 82.

When collector region 90 has a voltage greater by about 0.7 volts than n-well 88, collector region 90 gets forward biased and begins to inject holes into n-well 88, which are collected by p-well 82. The holes collected by p-well 82 forward bias the junction between p-well 82 and n-well 80/first emitter region 92, which causes parasitic thyristor 100 to latch up. Parasitic thyristor 100 is formed from collector region 90, n-well 88, p-well 82, and n-well 80/first emitter region 92. At latch up, parasitic thyristor 100 will not respond to changes in the current or voltage at gate 30 of IGBT 5. Current will flow through parasitic thyristor 100 until the charge at pad 15 is dissipated so that the voltage at the pad with respect to ground is below the trigger voltage for collector clamp 35 (FIG. 1).

Triggering a parasitic thyristor in the structure of an IGBT to dissipate ESD induced voltages provides several advantages over MOSFET based ESD protection schemes. One advantage is improved power dissipation by ESD protection circuit 2 of FIG. 1. The improved power dissipation also increases the useful life of ESD protection circuit 2.

The IGBT sustaining voltage before the on-set of parasitic thyristor turn-on, reduces with increasing gate bias. That is, the higher the voltage at gate 30 of FIG. 1 with respect to emitter 20, the larger the amount of holes that are collected by p-well 82 from collector region 90 through n-well 88. The larger the amount of holes that are collected, the greater the forward bias the junction between first emitter region 92 and second emitter region 94, which causes parasitic thyristor 100 to latch up.

Referring again to FIG. 1, when collector clamp 35 consists of diodes, the trigger voltage would be the sum of the reverse breakdown voltages of the one or more diodes that comprise collector clamp 35. By changing the trigger voltage of collector clamp 35, the voltage at which IGBT 5 begins conduction is altered, allowing a circuit designer to change the rating of pad 15 without having to redesign or change IGBT 5. This results in a substantial cost saving and also in greater design flexibility, since IGBT 5 can be used regardless of the rating of the pad. In some embodiments, the breakdown voltage is altered by changing the number of diodes that make up collector clamp 35, without having to resize the diodes or other circuit components.

Referring to FIG. 3, another circuit for electrostatic discharge protection is illustrated. In FIG. 3, another IGBT 60 is added to ESD protection circuit 2. An emitter 65 of IGBT 60 is coupled to emitter 20 of IGBT 5. The gate 70 of IGBT 60 is coupled to its emitter 65 through emitter clamp 45. Collector 80 of IGBT 60 is coupled to pad 81. Another collector clamp 75 couples gate 70 of IGBT 60 to pad 81. IGBT 5 is coupled essentially the same way as illustrated in FIG. 1.

The circuit in FIG. 3 is especially advantageous in handling bi-directional ESD events, where a voltage at pad 81 is greater than a potential at pad 15, or vice versa. This is because IGBT 5 responds to positive ESD events, while IGBT 60 responds to negative ESD events. Further, both collector clamps 35 and 75 can be optimized, either together or separately, to allow flexibility in the ESD rating of pad 15 and pad 81.

It should be noted that the ESD protection circuits of FIGS. 1 and 3 can be integrated circuits for ease of use and manufacture onto pad 15.

The circuits described in FIGS. 1 and 3 can be utilized regardless of the desired voltage rating of pad 15 without changing IGBT 5 or IGBT 60. IGBT 5 can, for example, withstand 5,000 volts during an ESD event, or any other amount. However, the circuit can operate for a pad 15 rated to almost any value, simply by changing the trigger voltage of collector clamp 35 or collector clamp 75 to the desired rating. In the case where either collector clamp 35 or collector clamp 75 comprises diodes, the trigger voltage can be changed by adding or removing diodes that constitute collector clamp 35 or collector clamp 75. This greatly increases the utility and cost effectiveness of the ESD protection circuits illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3 over conventional ESD protection designs.

Referring to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor for electrostatic discharge protection is illustrated. In FIG. 4, IGBT 5 comprises a p-type substrate 200. An epitaxial region 205, which is n-type, is grown over substrate 200. An isolation region 210, which is an up-diffused p-type region, is also formed in substrate 200. An n-well 215 is formed within substrate 200. A first emitter region 220, which may be p⁺-type, and a second emitter region 225, which may be n⁺-type, are formed within n-well 215. A collector region 230, which may be p⁺-type, is formed in a n-well 235 that is formed in substrate 200. A p-well 240 is formed in substrate 200 above which an insulator material 245 is formed. In some embodiments, insulator material 245 is a field oxide having a depth of approximately 0.7 to 1 micron.

A gate electrode 250, which in one embodiment is comprised of a polycrystalline silicon material, is completely isolated from all of the layers diffused and formed in substrate 200 by insulator material 245. An emitter electrode 255 is in common contact with both first emitter region 220 and second emitter region 225. A collector electrode 260 is in contact with collector region 230. An insulation film 265 formed of a chemically vapor deposited film, such as a boron phosphorus silicate glass (BPSG) or other insulation, is disposed over IGBT 5 for planarization and insulation of the surface.

Operation of IGBT 5 of FIG. 4 will now be described. Once a voltage, higher than the threshold voltage and positive with respect to a potential of emitter electrode 255, is applied to gate electrode 250, an inversion layer 270 is created. The inversion layer 270 is formed on the surface of p-well 240 between second emitter region 225 and n-well 235. Electrons then flow from second emitter region 225 through p-well 240 into n-well 235 through inversion layer 270. The electron flow into n-well 235 functions as a base current of a pnp-transistor 275 formed from of collector region 230 (transistor emitter), n-well 235 (transistor base), and p-well 240 (transistor collector).

Once collector region 230 reaches a voltage greater than about 0.7 volts above that of n-well 235, collector region 230 begins to inject holes into n-well 235 that are collected by p-well 240, which cause conduction by pnp-transistor 275. The difference of about 0.7 volts for beginning hole injection can be altered by changing the doping of collector region 230 and n-well 235.

Parasitic thyristor 280 latches up when the holes collected in p-well 240 forward bias p-well 240 with respect to n-well 215. Parasitic thyristor 280 then will conduct all of the current flowing through IGBT 5. Parasitic thyristor 280 consists of second emitter region 225/n-well region 215 (thyristor cathode), p-well 240 (npn-transistor base), n-well 235 (pnp-transistor base), and collector region 230 (thyristor anode). Further, parasitic thyristor 280 will not cease conduction until all of the charge at collector electrode 260 is dissipated. The latching of parasitic thyristor 280 varies based upon the resistance of isolation region 210, which is a function of the volume of the isolation region multiplied by it resistivity. Therefore, by changing the dimensions of isolation region 210 the latching of parasitic thyristor 280 can be altered.

Triggering parasitic thyristor 280 in an IGBT runs counter to the accepted and desired use of IGBTs. This is because, as described above, parasitic thyristor 280 will not cease conduction until the charge at collector electrode 260 is dissipated. The result is that, once parasitic thyristor 280 is latched up, the IGBT cannot be controlled by its bias circuitry and cannot operate in its linear amplification or switching region.

It should be noted that isolation region 210 is used to reduce the surface electric fields (RESURF) between n-well 235 and p-well 240. Further, by varying the depth of isolation region 210, the collector to emitter breakdown voltage, which is the forward blocking voltage of IGBT 5 of the IGBT, can be varied.

Referring to FIG. 5, a graph of the current-voltage characteristics of a collector of the lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor illustrated in FIG. 4 is illustrated. In FIG. 5, as collector to emitter voltage 300 increases, it will snap-back at 310 when parasitic thyristor 280 latches up. Also, as the voltage at gate 30 is increased the latch-up voltage of the parasitic thyristor 280 decreases, as shown by gate voltage levels 315, 320, 325, and 330.

Additionally, FIG. 5 illustrates the advantage of the use of an IGBT for ESD protection by showing operation of parasitic thyristor 280. Specifically, parasitic thyristor 280 latches up at a voltage that is a sum of the clamp trigger voltage 335 and the voltage on the gate required to forward bias the junction between n-well 215 and p-well 240. This can be altered by changing the resistance of isolation region 210, and the thickness of insulator material 245 for a lower gate voltage. Upon latching up, the parasitic thyristor 280 begins conducting thereby reducing the charge at pad 15 until the charge at pad 15 is dissipated. The operation of parasitic thyristor 280 is shown by curve 340.

The collector to emitter breakdown voltage 345 is the voltage at which IGBT 5 is not able to function in a forward blocking state. In ESD protection circuit 2, the breakdown voltage of collector clamp 35 must be set to a voltage less than the difference between collector to emitter breakdown voltage 345 and the gate voltage of IGBT 5 required to trigger parasitic thyristor 280.

Referring to FIG. 6, a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor for electrostatic discharge protection is illustrated. In FIG. 6, a second collector region 400, which may be n⁺-type, is added, forming a junction with the collector region 230. The second collector region 400 acts as a short between collector electrode 260 and n-well 235 during conduction by IGBT 5. Thus a diode 430 is created between substrate 200 and n-well 235.

Referring to FIG. 7, a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor for electrostatic discharge protection is illustrated. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, a contact 420 is then added to collector electrode 260. The contact 420, which is a Schottky contact, acts as a short between collector electrode 260 and n-well 235. The short between collector electrode 260 and n-well 235 improves negative ESD event dissipation and allows for conduction by IGBT 5 at a lower voltage. Further, metal contact 420 improves the homogenous turn on of parasitic thyristor 280.

Alternatively, collector electrode 260 can itself be completely or partially formed of a metallic material to form either an ohmic or a schottky contact to collector region 230.

An advantage of the lateral IGBTs in FIGS. 6 and 7 over that of FIG. 4 is the reaction of the IGBT to negative ESD events, where the charge at the pad is negative with respect to potential 25. Substrate 200 and n-well 235 form a diode 430 between substrate 200 and collector electrode 260. Diode 430 is formed due to the short between n-well 235 and collector electrode 260. Diode 430 conducts current induced by negative ESD events from pad 15 to substrate 200. Diode 430 allows IGBT 5 to dissipate voltages induced by negative ESD events. The use of the structures of FIGS. 6 and 7 improves the response to negative ESD events versus that of FIG. 4.

FIG. 8 is a graph of the current-voltage characteristics of a collector of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor as illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. As the collector to emitter voltage 500 increases, it will snap-back at 510 as parasitic thyristor 280 latches-up as described with respect to FIG. 5. Also, as the voltage on gate 30 is increased, the latch-up voltage of the parasitic thyristor decreases, as shown by gate voltage levels 515, 520 and 530, as described with respect to FIG. 5.

A feature of the IGBT structures of FIGS. 6 and 7 is collector conduction prior to the turn on of pnp-transistor 275, as shown by early current flows 535.

Although exemplary doping characteristics are discussed with respect to FIGS. 4, 6 and 7, other doping characteristics, including those that result in complimentary structures to those disclosed, are possible and can be used in the circuits of FIGS. 1 and 3.

Further, additional variations may be made to IGBT structures discussed with respect to FIGS. 4, 6, and 7. For example, a p-well or p-body region, or their complementary doping in a complementary IGBT, that is self-aligned on the emitter side with gate electrode 250 may be included.

Referring to FIG. 9, a cross-sectional view of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor with leakage current reduction is illustrated. The IGBTs shown in FIGS. 4, 6, and 7 each have a small leakage current on the surface of pnp-transistor 275 due to punch through or surface charges. This leakage current, which is inherent to the structure of an IGBT, can cause erroneous latching of parasitic thyristor 280 due to the leakage current that occurs prior to triggering of collector clamp 35. Inserting a punch through reduction region 650 that forms a butting junction with collector region 230 on the side of insulator material 245 can substantially reduce or eliminate the leakage current. This punch through reduction region 650 should be of a complementary doping to collector region 230, which for example would be an n-type punch through reduction region for a p⁺-type collector region. The punch through reduction region 650 can be relatively small in width. In one embodiment the width is no more than two (2) microns. The use of a punch through reduction region 650 reduces inaccurate and premature latching of parasitic thyristor 280.

Alternatively, to reduce the leakage current, a buffer region 651 can be added to the n-well 235, as shown in FIG. 9 a. The buffer region 651 can be formed by heavily doping the portion of the n-well 235 enclosing the collector region 230.

Referring to FIG. 10, a pad 15 with an electrostatic discharge protection circuit fabricated upon it is illustrated. Pad 15 has a trace 700 that forms a resistor coupled between gate 250 and emitter 220 as described in the above-mentioned application Ser. No. 10/336,129, and diffusions 705 that form collector clamp 35, which is made up of a number of diodes. Diffusions 705 have a number of contacts 710 to pad 15.

Gate electrode 250, which has rounded corners as depicted, overlies insulator material 245, which has a similar shape to gate electrode 250. A number of contacts 720 provide bonding to pad 15. Field oxide 245 is below gate electrode 250.

Collector region 230 is diffused along a periphery of pad 15 and also has a number or contacts 720. Emitter regions 220 and 225 surround insulator material 245 in a similar oval configuration, and are grounded via ground pad GND.

By fabricating IGBT 5 on a pad, the ruggedness of IGBT 5 is increased due to the charge distribution on the device. Further, the response time of IGBT 5 improves by fabricating it on pad 15, thereby reducing the potential for damage to integrated circuits bonded to pad 15. In another embodiment IGBT 5 is fabricated on at least two sides of one of the surfaces of pad 15.

While FIG. 10 depicts IGBT 5 in a substantially oval configuration, other configurations of IGBT can be used. For example, racetrack or configurations having multiple fingers can be used. Further, IGBT 5 can be fabricated on two or three sides of a surface of pad 15.

It should be noted that while IGBT 5 is illustrated as a lateral IGBT in FIGS. 4, 6, and 7, a vertical IGBT can also be utilized based upon the principles and utilizing the same region constituents as described herein. Further, it would be advantageous to use a vertical IGBT in an integrated ESD protection circuit.

It should be noted that while FIGS. 1-10 illustrate an IGBT, a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) can be utilized in place of an IGBT. In such instances the structure would be altered, for example, by removing first emitter region 220.

The detailed description provided above is merely illustrative, and is not intended to be limiting. While embodiments, applications and advantages of the present inventions have been depicted and described, there are many more embodiments, applications and advantages possible without deviating from the spirit of the inventive concepts described and depicted herein. The invention should only be restricted in accordance with the spirit of the claims appended hereto and is not restricted by the embodiments, specification or drawings. 

1. An electrostatic discharge protection circuit, comprising: a transistor comprising a gate, an emitter and a collector, the collector coupled with a pad, the gate of the transistor comprising a gate electrode and an insulator material completely isolating the gate electrode from a semiconductor material of the transistor, wherein the insulator material comprises a field oxide; a collector clamp coupled with the pad and the gate of the transistor; and an emitter clamp coupled with the emitter and the gate of the transistor.
 2. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1 wherein the transistor is an insulated gate bipolar transistor.
 3. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1 wherein the transistor comprises a vertical insulated gate bipolar transistor.
 4. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1 wherein the transistor is a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor.
 5. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the pad comprises at least two surfaces, wherein each of the at least two surfaces comprises at least three sides, and wherein the transistor is fabricated upon at least two sides of one of the surfaces.
 6. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1 wherein the transistor has a substantially oval shape.
 7. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1 wherein the transistor includes a plurality of electrical connections to the pad.
 8. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1 wherein the field oxide has a thickness of at least one micron.
 9. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1, wherein the electrostatic discharge protection circuit consists of a single conduction path between the gate and the emitter, and wherein the emitter clamp is part of the single conduction path.
 10. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 1 wherein the transistor comprises a MOSFET.
 11. A circuit for providing electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection at a first pad and a second pad, the circuit comprising: a first insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) comprising a first collector coupled to the first pad, a first gate, and a first emitter; a first collector clamp coupled between the first pad and the first gate; a second IGBT comprising a second collector coupled to the second pad, a second gate, and a second emitter coupled to the first emitter; and a second collector clamp coupled between the second pad and the second gate.
 12. A structure for electrostatic discharge protection, the structure comprising: a pad comprising at least two surfaces, wherein each of the at least two surfaces comprises at least three sides; a transistor comprising a gate, an emitter and a collector, the collector coupled with the pad, the gate of the transistor comprising a gate electrode and an insulator material completely isolating the gate electrode from a semiconductor material of the transistor, wherein the transistor is fabricated upon at least two sides of the at least three sides of one of the surfaces; a collector clamp coupled with the pad and the gate of the transistor; and an emitter clamp coupled with the emitter and the gate of the transistor.
 13. An electrostatic discharge protection circuit, comprising: a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) comprising a gate, an emitter, a collector, a first well region, a second well region, and a punch through reduction region located substantially between a first well region and a second well region, the collector being coupled with a pad, the gate comprising a gate electrode and an insulator material completely isolating the gate electrode from a semiconductor material of the lateral IGBT, and the punch through reduction region being adjacent to the insulator material; a collector clamp coupled with the pad and the gate; and an emitter clamp coupled with the emitter and the gate.
 14. The electrostatic discharge protection circuit of claim 5 wherein the punch through reduction region has a width of approximately one micron.
 15. A circuit for providing electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection at a pad of an integrated circuit (IC), the circuit comprising: a first collector clamp; a second collector clamp; a first emitter clamp; a second emitter clamp; a first transistor comprising a first plurality of semiconductor regions, a first gate electrode coupled to the pad by the first collector clamp, and a first insulator region isolating the first gate electrode from the first plurality of semiconductor regions; and a second transistor comprising a second plurality of semiconductor regions, a second gate electrode, and a second insulator region isolating the second gate electrode from the second plurality of semiconductor regions, wherein the first plurality of semiconductor regions comprises a first collector connected to the pad, and a first emitter coupled to the first gate electrode by the first emitter clamp, and wherein the second plurality of semiconductor regions comprises a second emitter and a second collector, the second emitter being connected to the first emitter, the second emitter being coupled to the second gate electrode by the second emitter clamp, the second collector being connected to a second pad, and the second collector being coupled to the second gate electrode by the second collector clamp.
 16. A circuit for providing electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection at a pad of an integrated circuit (IC), the circuit comprising: a first collector clamp; a first emitter clamp; and a first insulator gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) coupled to the pad, the first IGBT comprising a first plurality of semiconductor regions, the first plurality of semiconductor regions comprising: a first collector connected to the pad; a first emitter; a first gate electrode coupled to the pad by the first collector clamp and coupled to the first emitter by the first emitter clamp; a first insulator region, the first insulator region isolating the first gate electrode from the first plurality of semiconductor regions; a first n-well, wherein the first collector comprises a first p+ region within the first n-well; a p-well; and a second n-well, the second n-well being separated from the first n-well by the p-well, wherein the first emitter comprises a first n+ region within the second n-well.
 17. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the first plurality of semiconductor regions further comprises: a second p+ region within the second n-well, the second p+ region being coupled to the first n+ region by an emitter electrode; and at least one p-type isolation structure, the at least one p-type isolation structure coupling the second p+ region to the p-well.
 18. The circuit of claim 17, wherein the first plurality of semiconductor regions further comprises a second n+ region within the first n-well, the second n+ region forming a junction with the first p+ region, and wherein the first transistor further comprises a collector electrode connected to the first p+ region, the first n+ region, and the pad.
 19. The circuit of claim 17, wherein the first transistor further comprises a collector electrode connected to the first p+ region, the first n-well, and the pad.
 20. The circuit of claim 17, wherein the first plurality of semiconductor regions further comprises an n+ punch through reduction region within the first n-well, the n+ punch through reduction region separating the first p+ region from the first insulator region, the n+ punch through reduction region forming butting junctions with the first p+ region and the first insulator region.
 21. The circuit of claim 17, wherein the first plurality of semiconductor regions further comprises an n+ buffer region within the first n-well, the n+ buffer region forming a butting junction with the first insulator region, wherein the first p+ region is formed completely within the n+ buffer region. 